What We’re Reading (Week Ending 15 November 2020) - 15 Nov 2020
Reading helps us learn about the world and it is a really important aspect of investing. The legendary Charlie Munger even goes so far as to say that “I don’t think you can get to be a really good investor over a broad range without doing a massive amount of reading.” We (the co-founders of Compounder Fund) read widely across a range of topics, including investing, business, technology, and the world in general. We want to regularly share the best articles we’ve come across recently. Here they are (for the week ending 15 November 2020)::
1. The Big Lessons From History – Morgan Housel
Harry Houdini used to invite the strongest man in the audience on stage. Then he’d ask the man to punch him in the stomach as hard as he could.
Houdini was an amateur boxer, and told crowds he could withstand any man’s punch with barely a flinch. The stunt matched what people loved about his famous escapes: the idea that his body could conquer physics.
After a show in 1926 Houdini invited a group of students backstage to meet him. One, a guy named Gordon Whitehead, walked up and started punching Houdini in the stomach without warning.
Whitehead didn’t mean any harm. He thought he was just performing the same trick he saw Houdini pull off on stage.
But Houdni wasn’t prepared to be punched like he would be on stage. He wasn’t flexing his solar plexus, steadying his stance, and holding his breath like he normally would before the trick. Whitehead caught him off guard. Houdini waved him off, clearly in pain.
The next day Houdini woke up doubled over in pain.
His appendix was ruptured, almost certainly from Whitehead’s punches.
And then Harry Houdini died.
The riskiest stuff is always what you don’t see coming.
2. The Overton Window & Understanding What Is Possible – Sean Stannard-Stockton, CFA
The Overton Window is a concept named for Joseph Overton, a political theorist. Overton argued that the range of political policy possibilities was not directly related to any politician’s individual preferences, but rather by the range of options that are politically acceptable to mainstream voters. This range of politically acceptable outcomes changes over time, but at any given moment, only policy options that fall within the Overton Window have any hope of becoming reality…
…What is amazing about the Overton Window is that most of the time you aren’t even aware it exists. The possibilities that are Unthinkable are not thought of as not possible due to current social norms, rather they are viewed as actually impossible. But when the window shifts, it is hard to even remember how things used to be…
…A few years ago, the concept of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) started to enter the public consciousness. While this theory is not new, it was previously considered Unthinkable. Starting a couple of years ago, the Overton Window began to shift with MMT sliding from Unthinkable to Radical. When Congress approved a simply massive level of spending back in March, market participants began to realize that one way to view this action was as a real-time experiment in MMT informed policy. Not that either the Democrats or Republicans who voted on a bipartisan basis did so because of MMT, but rather because MMT adherents argue that this massive level of government spending will not result in increased inflation nor will the large associated deficit, or the increase in government debt, prove to be problematic.
A full description of MMT is beyond the scope of this post. But in June, prominent MMT economist Stephanie Kelton published The Deficit Myth, which offers an incredibly accessible explanation of MMT that is easily understandable (and frankly enjoyable) for non-economists. In fact, the book is a major, mainstream best seller which is a rare feat for any economics book…
…The key point is not that MMT is correct. Rather that the MMT view of the world is now entering the Overton Window and is probably best described today as Acceptable. It is not yet considered Sensible or Popular, but in a strange way it may actually already be Policy in that the massive deficit spending engaged in this year is widely agreed as having been one of the most effective fiscal interventions in history.
While some may argue that the Democrats’ likely (unless they win both Georgia runoff races) failure to win the Senate means large government spending is off the table, the Overton Window is not about which party holds a slight majority in Congress. Rather the Overton Window describes the range of policies that society deems acceptable and both political parties are required to operate within this window.
You can see this already playing out with the Republican controlled Senate authorizing a shocking $2 trillion stimulus bill in March, twice as large as all of the stimulus spending done during the Financial Crisis. And today, Republican Senators are calling for “just” $500 billion in additional spending, while the bipartisan Problems Solvers Caucus, made up of moderates on both sides of the aisle, are calling for “just” $1.5-$2.0 trillion in new spending. Either one of these bills, on top of the over $2 trillion in spending already approved, would have been completely unacceptable prior to COVID. The size of this spending dwarfs anything that voters or a majority of Congress would have considered possible.
The Unthinkable is now Policy.
3. Chipotle to Unleash Digital-Only Restaurants – Danny Klein
While the surge was undoubtedly a pandemic byproduct of quarantine behavior and heightened adoption for things like delivery and mobile ordering, the alluring point for Chipotle was it held 80–85 percent of digital sales gains in Q3 even as it recovered 50–55 percent of in-store business. This past quarter, about half of Chipotle’s digital business came via delivery (the rest through order ahead and pickup). As of October, Chipotle’s digital mix remained in the “high 40s,” Niccol said…
…With this all stirring at break-neck pace, it’s not surprising to see Chipotle enter another surging trend. The chain Wednesday unveiled its first digital-only restaurant.
Called the “Chipotle Digital Kitchen,” it will be located just outside the gate of the military academy in Highland Falls, New York. It’s opening Saturday for pickup and delivery only, and will allow Chipotle to enter more urban areas that typically wouldn’t support a full-size restaurant, the company said. Additionally, it will allow for flexibility with future locations.
Chipotle’s Digital Kitchen concept is focused on accelerating digital business in non-traditional venues. The company said the build is unique “because it does not include a dining room or front service line.” Guests must order in advance via the fast casual’s website, app, or through third-party delivery partners. Orders are picked up from a lobby designed to include all of the sounds, smells, and kitchen views of a traditional Chipotle, the company added.
It will also service large catering orders available for pickup in a separate lobby with its own dedicated entry.
4. Cancer Screening Leaps Forward – Andy Kessler
So Illumina spun out a new company named Grail in Menlo Park, Calif., to do what’s known as Circulating Cell-free Genome Atlas studies. Running DNA sequencing on regular blood samples, Grail generates hundreds of gigabytes of data per person—the well-known A-T-G-C nucleotides, but also the “methylation status,” or whether a particular DNA site’s function is turned on or off (technically, whether or not it represses gene transcription).
Most popular DNA screenings for cancer risk test only a single gene site, like BRCA1. But Grail’s chief medical officer Josh Ofman tells me, “cancer may show up as thousands of methylation changes, a much richer signal to teach machine learning algorithms to find cancer” vs. a single site. “There are 30 million methylation sites in the entire human genome on 100,000 DNA fragments. Grail looks at a million of them.” It takes industrial-grade artificial intelligence to find patterns in all this data, something a human eye would never see.
Mind you, this is not a consumer 23andMe test of your genome that says you might have, say, a 68% chance of getting cancer. Grail is detecting the signature of actual cancer cells in your blood. According to validation data published in the Annals of Oncology, the test can find 50 different types, more than half of all known cancers.
5. Lessons in Growth Investing with Anu Hariharan – Patrick O’Shaughnessy and Anu Hariharan
I actually think there’s way more opportunity ahead of us. Let me compare it with a little few numbers. Pre-COVID I had looked at this. The total global market cap was $85 trillion. Internet economy enabled businesses was less than 10%, so roughly 8 trillion. Even if you assume a 10% CAGR and play this out. Let’s say in 2045, I think I had seen estimates that if you assume the global market cap is going to be around 450 trillion, Internet economy should surely be at least 15% of that, even if less like $60 trillion economy. Guess what? From 8 trillion to 60 trillion. I’m willing to bet all day long that we are still very, very nascent. Even in the most developed markets.
Let me make it further specific and real for people. Let’s look at the US economy. Pre-COVID, our Internet penetration was up 20% in 2019 and I think April reports 27%. A lot has been written about consumer eCommerce penetration. Not much has been said about B2B wholesale eCommerce penetration. B2B wholesale in the US is a $16 trillion market. Less than 8% of it is online. Less than 8%. 49% of B2B wholesale eCommerce transactions happen via phone and fax. And Faire which is one of the marketplaces that’s working on it is still just attacking a small sliver of retail. The retail market that they serve is a $670 billion market. You have so many more verticals here.
Think of aerospace, chemicals, industrials. You’re just going to see an explosion of vertical players in B2B wholesale eCommerce. B2C consumer eCommerce itself is still sub 30%. So therefore, just the Internet economy we’re just still scratching the surface. We just have years to compound, and I think we’re still in the early stages of the Internet economy…
…Well, there are a lot of people that have really helped me, but I think the kindest thing that comes to mind is Dr. Jeffrey Reed. He was my research advisor at Virginia Tech. I was doing my Master’s in wireless communications. This was in 2002, right after 9/11. And the funding that most state universities got from the government was completely slashed. Even private funding was at an all-time low. So I had come with the hope of getting a research fellowship. The university and the research group had no money to be able to fund me.
I come from a Tier-3 town in India. My parents were very middle class, and my dad had pretty much taken an entire loan against all his assets and could pay only for a year of my tuition. Come summer, and I was working enough in Virginia Tech to cover all my living expenses. But as an international student, you can work only 20 hours and you have to work in campus. You can’t work outside. So there’s only so much I could do. And I remember very vividly, this was July, and my dad basically said, “Look, this is it. This is the last straw. Finish whatever credits you can, you’re going to come back in August.” And I was like, “Yeah, I get it.”
And so I went to my advisor and said, “Look, I really can’t continue, and I need to find a way to graduate. So I should finish whatever credits I can in the summer, and maybe I could do it remotely. Would you be open to doing remotely?” He asked me, “How much money do you need?” And I said, “Well, I haven’t paid tuition this month. I need to pay $1,200.” He took a checkbook, wrote a check, and gave it to me without any questions. And I think if I look back in life, if he hadn’t done that, my life would have turned out very different.
6. Intel’s Disruption is Now Complete – James Allworth
So begins the story that Clay Christensen would love to tell about how Andy Grove of Intel famously came to be a convert to the theory of disruption. Christensen shared with Grove his research on how steel minimills, starting at the low end of the market, had gained a foothold and used that to expand the addressable market, continued to move upmarket, and finally disrupted the giant incumbents like US Steel.
Grove immediately grokked it…
…Yesterday, Apple announced the first Macs that will run on silicon that they themselves designed. No longer will Intel be inside. It’s the first change in the architecture of the CPU that the Mac runs on since… well, 2005, when they switched to Intel.
There’s a lot of great coverage of the new chips, but one piece of analysis in particular stood out to me — this chart over at Anandtech:
What about this chart is interesting? Well, it turns out, it bears a striking resemblance to one drawn before — actually, 25 years ago. Take a look at this chart drawn by Clayton Christensen, back in 1995 — in his very first article on disruptive innovation:
He might not have realized it at the time, but when Grove was reading Christensen’s work, he wasn’t just reading about how Intel would go on to conquer the personal computer market. He was also reading about what would eventually befall the company he co-founded, 25 years before it happened.
7. Twitter Thread On How To Interpret Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine news – Natalie E. Dean, PhD
Big news from Pfizer, with apparent high efficacy (>90%) based on 94 confirmed COVID-19 cases at their interim analysis.
A thread on how I interpret this news. Briefly: “Celebrate, but let the process play out over time as intended.” 1/8
Vaccine trials are “event-driven.” They continue until enough endpoints have accrued (here, lab-confirmed *symptomatic* infections). Statisticians can take planned “early looks” at the data, and so allow us to tell if a product is working exceptionally well (or not at all). 2/8
When the vaccine is highly effective, we need less data to see it. While trials are planned for 150+ total events, this is what we need for a 60% efficacy vaccine. I say this because 94 events is a lot of data for a vaccine trial, and even more so when efficacy exceeds 90%. ⅜
Pfizer’s first analysis was planned for 32 events, which they pushed back after discussions with FDA. But by the time they analyzed the data, 94 had accrued. This shows how quickly trials can generate results when placed in hotspots (and how much transmission is ongoing!). 4/8
While the results are exciting, of course we will want to independently evaluate them. Unlike treatments, promising data from vaccines do not immediately change standard of care. The vaccines will undergo a rigorous review process first which will play out over time. 5/8
Disclaimer: None of the information or analysis presented is intended to form the basis for any offer or recommendation. Of all the companies mentioned in this article, we currently have a vested interest in Apple, Chipotle Mexican Grill, and Illumina. Holdings are subject to change at any time.
